Some artistes and sportsmen are 'flying birds'. Especially very famous artistes and sportsmen spread their activity - and thus their income-across several countries. Still, normally they do not have a qualified connection - a permanent establishment in the state of performance or a presence fulfilling the criteria of the 183-days rule-to the state of source. Therefore, the OECD introduced a special rule for artistes and sportsmen. Practical experience shows that cross border activities of artistes and sportsmen cause a lot of issues. Issues are caused by the interpretation of the special rule in tax treaties and their interdependence with other treaty provisions. Besides that, artistes and sportsmen are often confronted with discrimination in the state of source. Last but not least, artistic and sportive activities cause specific VAT issues. This volume strives to analyse these issues and to give conclusions based on the interpretation of current international tax law. Furthermore, the authors intend to show how international tax law could be improved where an improvement seems necessary. About The Author: Prof. Michael Lang is head of the Institute of Austrian and International Tax Law at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Dr. Walter Loukota is lecturer at the Institute of Austrian and International Tax Law at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. He currently works at the tax department of Ernst & Young Vienna. Dr. Markus Stefaner is lecturer at the Institute of Austrian and Insternational Tax Law at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. He currently works at the tax department of Enrst & Young Vienna.