Sugarcane is the principal raw material for the sugar industry. Productivity and performance of the sugar industry largely depends on the yield and agronomic characters of sugarcane. Although biotechnological developments are playing a significant role in agriculture and agro- industries today, its effects on sugarcane productivity have been less pronounced. The yield and sugar recovery needs to be further boosted by such biotechnological approaches.This book provides an account of the progress made so far in sugarcane biotechnology. It summarizes the new developments in biological research mainly related to plant molecular biology. The bioanalytical techniques and methodology explored in understanding molecular basis of life process are also briefly discussed. Sugarcane biotechnology is based on inputs to improve the productivity by using versatile technologies like plant cell and tissue culture, protoplast culture and genetic transformations. Ecofriendly approaches include agronomic practices like, use of biofertilizers, biocontrol agents, biodrainage etc. are covered in this book. The book also provides information on diagnostic tools for detection of cane diseases in planting material. Sugarcane genome analysis is in progress at some laboratories. The results of such investigations and its utility in crop production are described here.The book is expected to be a useful reference for students, researcher scientists, sugar industries, and crop biotechnology.