This book is a succinct account of the intercourse between India and the Greco-Roman world from the earliest times till the fall of Rome. From prehistoric times, three great trade routes have connected India to the West – the Persian Gulf route, the overland route from Indian passes to the Balkh and from there by river to the Caspian; then to the Eixine and Antioch and Hekatompylus, and lastly the circuitous sea route down the Persian and Arabian coasts to Aden and up the Red Sea to Suez to Egypt and Tyre and Sidon on the other. The earliest of the intercourse was between Indus valley and the Euphrates. The Hittite kings bore Aryan names and worshipped the Vedic gods. The intercourse between India and the Semitic nations was mostly carried out by sea. In fact India was more or less in constant communication with the West for nearly ten centuries and influenced the West greatly.