Cardiothoracic surgery is a branch of medicine that is indulged in the surgical treatment of organs that are inside the thorax. Cardiothoracic surgery majorly focuses on the treatment of the heart and lungs. Some of the cardiothoracic surgery include open heart surgery, modern beating heart surgery, minimally invasive surgery and pediatric cardiovascular surgery. A major concern with cardiac surgery is the incidence of neurological damage and there are risks of having infections such as myo- or pericarditis, cardiac device infection, empyema, bloodstream infections, pneumonia and endocarditis. In most countries, cardiac surgery and thoracic surgery are two different surgical specialties but in some countries, they are considered to be a surgical specialty known as cardiothoracic surgery. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of cardiothoracic surgery. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.