A surgical emergency refers to a medical emergency which requires an immediate surgical intervention in order to save life and resolve the clinical issue. Emergency surgeries can be required in case of acute trauma, cardiothoracic emergencies, gynecological complications and acute gastrointestinal, neurological/ophthalmic and vascular conditions. This may include the treatment of acute airway obstruction, acute appendicitis, gastrointestinal perforation, acute mesenteric ischemia, retinal detachment, bleeding ectopic pregnancy, etc. Critical care is a dedicated branch of medicine aimed at the provision of medical care to patients with life-threatening conditions through life support and intensive monitoring. Mechanical ventilation, hemofiltration, total parenteral nutrition, etc. as well as frequent nursing assessments and nursing care are provided to critically ill patients. This book traces the progress of emergency surgery and critical care and highlights some of their key practices. It unfolds the innovative aspects of emergency surgery which will be crucial for the progress of the field in the future. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text in these fields.