Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which develops in the melanocyte cells that produce melanin. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or tanning lamps and beds increases the risk of developing melanoma. The early signs and symptoms are the development of a new pigmented or unusual growth on the skin, and a change in an existing mole. There can be hidden melanoma under a nail, in the mouth, digestive tract, urinary tract, vagina or eye. Melanoma can be diagnosed by physical exam and biopsy. Its extent can be determined by examining the thickness, checking its spread to the lymph nodes, and looking for signs of cancer beyond the skin. The treatment for small melanomas involves surgery to remove them entirely while melanomas that have spread beyond the skin can be treated by immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery to remove lymph nodes. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.