preface < strong> 1. production System < strong> 2. work study < strong> 3. process planning;/strong> < strong> 4. elements of costs < strong> 5. cost estimation;/strong> < strong> 6. Mensuration for material cost estimation;/strong> < strong> 7. material weight and cost estimation;/strong> < strong> 8. estimation of machining Time < strong> 9. estimation of forging cost < strong> 10. Time and cost estimation of shaping, planning, milling and grinding < strong> 11. estimation of welding;