n academic discipline of geography is rooted in ancient practice. Its separate identity was first formulated and named some 2, 000 years ago by the Greeks when they combined the Greek words < em> geo and < em> graphein to mean Earth writing or Earth description. every discipline pivots around its specific fundamental philosophies. ≪ em> fundamentals of geographical thoughts;/em> identifies the basic philosophies of geography, from the ancient through the medieval to the modern/post-modern, which guided the development of different schools of geography in India, Germany, France, great Britain, the USA, Russia and/or former Soviet Union, and in others. It also highlights the philosophical and methodological conflicts that took place during the various periods of conceptual development of the discipline, and measures the impacts of Darwinism on both the philosophy and the scientific character of geography