This book covers basic concepts and principles of nanotechnology, synthesis of nano-materials by top down (Physical) and bottom up approaches (chemical and biological), properties of nano-materials (physical, mechanical, optical, magnetic and thermal), characterization of nano-materials (size, stability, shape, functional group) using sophisticated equipments, application of nanotechnology in various fields (agriculture, food systems, energy, environment, health sciences) and biosafety of nano-materials (nanotoxicity and assays used for testing the nanotoxicity).'