Why do some nations prosper while others struggle? Is wealth created by resources, policies and markets? Or, ultimately, by human ideas and enterprise?

Nearly two centuries ago, Marathi thinker Gopal Hari Deshmukh, better known as Lokhitwadi, found a powerful answer in samudra manthan. Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, emerges only after the ocean is churned through immense collective effort. His message was simple: wealth must be created.

Beginning with this insight, The Ideas That Shaped Modern India and Its Economy traces close to 150 years of Indian economic thought: from colonial rule and independence to nation-building, liberalisation and the present.

Through the thinkers, reformers, policymakers and dissenters who shaped these debates, it explores enduring questions: How does a nation become prosperous? How can India build domestic capacity while remaining engaged with the world economy? What is the ideal balance between free markets and government intervention?

Accessible, engaging and deeply relevant, this is not simply a history of economics. It is the story of the ideas that made modern India―and those that will shape the India yet to come.