The present book has been developed strictly in adherence with the syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and has been designed in the format of NCERT text-book. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE BOOK: Text matter has been written in a simple, lucid, interesting and cohesive manner so that even the difficult topics could be easy to understand. The book covers all components of the syllabus and facts of the NCERT textbook. It provides additional but relevant information through 'Do you know?' to make the topic interesting and understandable. In-text questions under the heading of 'Check Your Progress' have been incorporated to assess students after important topics. The text has been made easy and interesting through lively pictures, daily life examples, tables, charts and maps. Case studies from inside and outside the subcontinents have been included to understand the topic with ease and to know about important and interesting events happening around the world at the same time. 'Important Points' give the pointwise summary of the chapter for a quicker review. Exercises include different types of questions e.g., Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Very Short Answer Type Questions, Short Answer Type Questions, Long Answer Type Questions, True or False, Match the Following, along with assignment, commentaries, source-based analyses, group discussions, map skills, projects, research, presentations, models and charts, comparison and contrast, etc. Value Based Questions and questions on Problem Solving Assessment are included with the objective to enable the young minds to learn and think beyond the text. High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions have been included to enhance the horizon of knowledge. Test Papers for Assessments have been given after specific chapters